Tech
The Best Ways to Digitize Analog Film Without Losing What Made It Analog
Archives sitting on shelves of negatives, glass plates, and slides face a quiet but real deadline: analog film degrades, and every year that passes without digitization is a year closer to information loss that cannot be undone. The good news is that film digitization has matured well beyond the flatbed scanners most people picture. Here is an honest look at the main approaches available to an institution weighing this decision today, and where each one actually fits.
Flatbed scanning: the familiar starting point
Flatbed scanners are the most widely available option and the lowest barrier to entry, which is exactly why so many small archives start here. The tradeoff is speed and, at scale, consistency. Each frame is captured through a slow, mechanical pass, and results can vary depending on how consistently an operator loads and positions material. For a modest personal collection or a small batch of prints, this is often perfectly adequate. For a collection running into the thousands or tens of thousands of frames, the math stops working: the time cost compounds quickly.
Drum and virtual drum scanners: higher quality, higher overhead
Drum scanners have long been considered a high-quality option, particularly for capturing fine tonal detail in transparencies, and virtual drum scanners attempt to replicate that quality without the physical drum. Both, however, remain fundamentally slow, point-by-point or line-by-line capture methods. They also tend to require more specialized operator skill and ongoing maintenance than either flatbed or camera-based systems, which raises the effective cost per image once staff time is factored in alongside the equipment itself.
Camera-based digitization: built for volume without giving up quality
The more recent shift in serious archival digitization has been toward camera-based systems: a high-resolution digital sensor paired with a dedicated film capture stage, specialized film and glass-plate carriers, and copy-stand hardware, all built specifically to hold negatives, transparencies, and plates flat and properly illuminated during capture. Because the entire frame is captured in a single, near-instant exposure rather than built up progressively, throughput increases dramatically. One documented high-volume digitization workflow using an iXG camera system reports capture rates fast enough to process a full frame in a fraction of a second, cited as roughly 400 times faster than flatbed, drum, or virtual-drum scanning for comparable material.

Relative capture speed by film digitization method, camera-based digitization compared with flatbed and drum scanning.
Does faster mean lower quality?
This is the question every archivist asks first, reasonably so, and the answer depends entirely on whether a program follows recognized technical benchmarks. Standards such as those maintained by the Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative, widely referred to as FADGI, and the Dutch Metamorfoze guidelines exist precisely to give institutions an objective way to verify image quality regardless of which capture method produced it. A camera-based system built around flat-field optics, precise focus tools, and accurate color profiling can meet the same three- and four-star quality benchmarks that a slower method targets, while doing it in a fraction of the time. Speed and quality are not automatically in tension; the real variable is whether the equipment and workflow were designed to hold quality steady at higher throughput.
What should actually drive the decision?
- Collection size: small, occasional digitization jobs rarely justify the cost of a dedicated camera-based setup, while collections in the thousands of items usually cannot avoid it on a cost-per-image basis.
- Material variety: mixed collections containing negatives, glass plates, slides, and bound volumes benefit from a modular setup that can switch between capture stages rather than requiring separate dedicated machines for each format.
- Compliance requirements: institutions submitting digitized material to federal, academic, or museum standards need to confirm their chosen workflow can actually document and pass the relevant FADGI or Metamorfoze star rating, not just claim high resolution.
- Staff capacity: drum and virtual drum scanning generally demand more specialized, ongoing operator expertise than a well-designed camera-based workflow, which matters for institutions without a dedicated imaging technician on staff.
There is no universally correct answer here, only a correct answer for a given collection’s size, format mix, and compliance needs. What has changed in recent years is that the fastest option is no longer automatically the lowest-quality one, which means the old tradeoff between speed and archival integrity is far less absolute than it used to be.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is camera-based film digitization actually faster than scanning?
Yes, documented workflows report camera-based capture running at roughly 400 times the speed of flatbed, drum, or virtual-drum scanning for comparable material, since the full frame is captured in a single exposure.
Does faster film digitization mean lower image quality?
Not inherently. Quality depends on whether the equipment and workflow are built to meet recognized benchmarks such as FADGI or Metamorfoze star ratings, regardless of the capture method used.
What type of archive benefits most from camera-based digitization?
Larger or mixed-format collections, such as those combining negatives, glass plates, and slides, generally see the greatest benefit, since a modular camera-based setup can switch between formats without separate dedicated machines.
Tech
Cloud Based Live Video Production and the AI Live Production Unit
Key Takeaways
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What does cloud based live video production actually replace?
Traditional live production has historically depended on physical hardware: a dedicated video switcher, audio mixer, graphics system, and often a production truck to house it all. LiveU Studio represents a full shift away from that model, described as a 100% cloud-native, scalable live video production solution enabling live switching, audio mixing, customized overlays, graphics, remote guest management, and one-click distribution to up to 30 different, simultaneous digital destinations, all from a web browser rather than dedicated on-site hardware.
What does a cloud video switcher actually let a single operator manage?
A cloud video switcher consolidates what would traditionally require several specialized crew members and dedicated hardware stations into one browser-based interface a single operator can run. That includes instant replay, letting a production team relive game-changing moments with multi-angle replays and slow-motion playback, seamlessly replaying up to four camera angles in sync with a single click; ISO recording, capturing independent feeds from up to six cameras for post-production flexibility; and dynamic ad insertion, unlocking additional revenue streams across OTT and FAST platforms through automated marker insertion. A revamped, unified interface lets that single operator move quickly between switching, replay, and graphics on one screen, balancing speed and creativity even for demanding, fast-moving live events.
| Cloud switcher capability | What it replaces or simplifies |
|---|---|
| Live multi-cam switching | A dedicated hardware video switcher and the crew typically required to operate it. |
| Instant replay & ISO recording | Separate hardware replay systems and individual camera recording devices. |
| Remote guest management | Physical satellite or fiber links needed to bring a remote guest into a broadcast. |
| One-click multi-platform distribution | Manually configuring separate outputs for each individual streaming destination. |
What does an AI live production unit actually add at the point of capture?
While cloud production tools handle switching and distribution, a separate innovation is happening at the point of capture itself. The LU900Q intelligent production unit is the first field unit to natively integrate LiveU IQ (LIQâ„¢), using AI-driven decision-making and smart operator selection to optimize connectivity in real time. Combined with integrated eSIM technology and optimized 5G modems, this AI-driven optimization keeps a unit connected reliably even in challenging locations like crowded stadiums or remote racetracks, without requiring a human operator to manually manage which network connection the unit is using at any given moment.
How does an AI live production unit actually make field production feel more like a studio?
Beyond connectivity optimization, an AI live production unit is designed to bring studio-level capability directly into field conditions. LiveU’s announcement of the LU900Q highlights dual video return and dual intercom as key additions, bringing the benefits of a studio environment directly to reporters working in the field. The unit supports single or dual-camera production workflows, transforming what used to be rigid broadcast setups into dynamic, adaptable production environments, while delivering 10-bit HDR 4:2:2 encoding with up to 32 audio channels for high-end productions requiring accurate geolocation and uncompromising performance.
How fast has investment in cloud video production actually grown?
The shift toward cloud-based production tools has accelerated sharply, driven substantially by the pandemic-era need for physically distributed production teams. Rethink Technology Research’s Cloud Production Technologies forecast projected global cloud production revenues would rise from approximately $601.87 million in 2020 to about $2.48 billion in 2026, more than tripling over six years, with sport identified as the single biggest driver of that growth. That trajectory reflects how thoroughly cloud-native tools have moved from an emergency pandemic workaround to a standard, ongoing part of how live productions actually get made.

Global cloud video production revenue, 2020 versus 2026, according to Rethink Technology Research.
How do a cloud video switcher and an AI live production unit actually work together?
- The field unit captures and transmits, using AI-driven connectivity optimization to maintain a stable feed regardless of changing network conditions.
- The cloud switcher receives and produces, handling live switching, graphics, and audio mixing entirely through a browser interface.
- Together they eliminate the need for on-site production trucks, since neither capturing nor producing the show requires dedicated hardware physically present at the venue.
- Both scale independently, letting a production team add field units or production capacity separately as a show’s requirements grow.
What does a modular, hybrid approach to cloud production actually mean for existing infrastructure?
Adopting cloud based live video production doesn’t necessarily mean abandoning existing hardware investments; a modular, hybrid ecosystem approach lets these components integrate with a current setup rather than requiring a full rip-and-replace transition. Combining field units delivering reliable, real-time feeds with cloud-native production tools lets a team scale output and engage more audiences across linear and digital channels using the same current staff and resources they already have. That modularity matters for organizations weighing a gradual transition, since it lets a production team adopt cloud switching for some shows or events while continuing to rely on existing hardware for others, rather than forcing an all-or-nothing decision before the benefits have been proven internally.
What should a production team weigh when deciding how much to shift toward cloud based workflows?
The right balance between cloud and on-premises production tools depends heavily on show complexity, team distribution, and existing infrastructure investment. A single-operator, multi-camera sports show with a distributed remote crew is a natural fit for a fully cloud-based approach, since the format’s flexibility advantages align directly with the production’s actual requirements. A large-scale broadcast with an already-built, deeply integrated on-site production truck may see less immediate benefit from a full migration, at least until that existing hardware genuinely reaches the end of its usable life. Evaluating the shift honestly, rather than assuming cloud production is automatically the right answer for every format, tends to produce better long-term technology decisions than following the industry trend uncritically.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I need a production truck to use cloud based live video production?
No. That’s the core value proposition: cloud based live video production replaces the need for on-site hardware switchers and production trucks, since switching, graphics, and distribution all happen through a browser-based platform instead.
What makes a field unit qualify as an ‘AI live production unit’?
The defining characteristic is AI-driven decision-making applied directly to connectivity and production management, such as automatically optimizing which network connections to use in real time, rather than requiring manual operator intervention for those decisions.
Can a cloud video switcher handle a live sports broadcast with multiple camera angles?
Yes, a cloud video switcher built for this purpose supports fully synced multi-camera switching, instant replay across multiple angles, and independent ISO recording of each camera feed, covering the core requirements of a multi-camera sports production.
Why did cloud video production revenue grow so quickly between 2020 and 2026?
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adoption by forcing production teams to work from physically distributed locations, and sport was identified as the single biggest driver of that growth, given the format’s natural fit for remote, multi-camera cloud production.
Tech
Book Digitization, Copy Stands, and Digitizing the Autochrome Process
Key Takeaways
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Why does book binding determine how fast a collection can be digitized?
A large part of the cultural heritage community works on digitizing rare and delicate bound materials, and the binding itself is often what dictates how quickly that work can safely proceed. Phase One’s book digitization solutions are built around this reality directly: digitization of books often requires special attention to the binding, which can be fragile, and that fragility can become the limiting factor when an institution is looking for a fast capture turnaround. A binding that can’t be opened flat, for instance, rules out certain capture approaches entirely, regardless of how fast the camera itself can shoot.
How does a copy stand actually speed up the capture process?
Copy stands are the workhorse tool behind this entire workflow. Using a leveled glass plate with the camera set for fixed focus on a copy stand accelerates the capture process considerably, since the operator no longer needs to refocus or reposition for every single page. Photographing both pages of an open book at the same time, using one or two cameras, increases productivity further still. Institutions with valuable collections often maintain a dedicated photographic studio built around exactly this workflow, both to provide public access and research copies and to protect fragile originals from the wear and handling that repeated researcher access would otherwise cause.
How much faster is rapid-capture digitization than traditional scanning?
The gap between purpose-built digitization systems and conventional scanning equipment is large enough to change what’s realistically achievable for a big collection under time pressure. Fast, reliable digitization solutions built for transparent film and glass plate negatives can achieve a capture rate of roughly one image per second, up to 400 times faster than flatbed, drum, or virtual-drum scanners.

Approximate capture speed comparison between traditional flatbed or drum scanning and rapid-capture digitization (log scale).
That speed difference matters most because preserving the past is often a race against time: much of the material institutions are digitizing has a limited physical lifespan before it’s gone for good, so a workflow capable of moving through a large collection quickly can mean the difference between preserving a complete archive and losing part of it before the work is finished.
What copy stand configurations exist for different collection types?
| Copy stand type | Best suited for |
|---|---|
| Single-camera stationary stand | Smaller digitization projects needing a stable, long-lasting platform with one high-resolution camera system. |
| Dual-camera book system | Rare books that cannot be opened flat, using an automated dual-page capture workflow with two cameras. |
| AutoColumn large-format stand | Large, flat, and thin objects such as maps, newspapers, and drawings, with a metal cover board for secure magnetic positioning. |
| Motorized 2-motion stand | Larger flat objects requiring a bigger baseboard and flexibility across different lens configurations. |
What does digitizing the autochrome process actually involve?
Understanding the autochrome process itself helps explain why these plates need such careful handling. Autochrome plates, a color photography process that flourished from 1907 into the 1930s, present a distinct challenge inside cultural heritage digitization: each autochrome is a unique transparency image with no negative counterpart, meaning there is no duplicate to protect against a mistake during capture. Phase One’s film and glass plate digitization solutions address this class of material with a film capture stage that provides an adjustable, geared support mechanism compatible with a range of carriers built specifically for glass plate negatives, alongside most popular film strip and sheet formats. Glass plate carriers are made of milled high-grade aluminum with an optically-optimized glass base, built to hold plates of varying and sometimes irregular sizes securely and consistently during capture.
The conversion process for this kind of transparent, historical material is genuinely open to interpretation, since the base material and the chemical processing used varies, especially for the earliest glass plates where the specific chemicals and development process are often unknown. Two rolls of film, or two glass plates, may behave very differently, both in the physical characteristics of the original base material and in how that material was originally developed, which is part of why uniform, controlled illumination and consistent color reproduction matter so much throughout the capture process.
What does a well-run digitization workflow need beyond the camera and stand?
- Specialized workflow software: a rapid-capture solution paired with cultural heritage editing tools speeds up both capture and the post-production work of converting negatives to positives and correcting color.
- Simplified interfaces for large volumes: a streamlined capture mode allows less-specialized operators to handle high-volume digitization projects without sacrificing consistency.
- Accurate object identification: integrated barcode scanning during capture helps ensure every digitized object is named and tracked correctly across a large collection.
- Material-appropriate handling: different physical formats, bound books, flat documents, glass plates, each require their own specialized stand and carrier configuration rather than a one-size-fits-all setup.
What quality standards guide professional cultural heritage digitization?
Institutions digitizing valuable or fragile collections don’t simply capture an image and call it done; the output has to meet recognized quality benchmarks that ensure the digital copy is actually fit for long-term preservation and research use. Standards such as FADGI (the Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative), Metamorfoze, and ISO 19264 define specific technical targets for resolution, color accuracy, and tonal range, giving institutions a common language for specifying what “high quality” actually means in measurable terms rather than a subjective judgment. Meeting these benchmarks typically requires resolution around 300 pixels per inch or higher for most collection material, alongside carefully controlled, even illumination and accurate color calibration throughout the capture process.
| Standard | What it primarily governs |
|---|---|
| FADGI (Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative) | A star-rating system for image quality covering resolution, tonal response, and color accuracy, widely referenced across libraries and archives. |
| Metamorfoze | A Dutch national standard for image quality in cultural heritage digitization, with defined preservation and access quality tiers. |
| ISO 19264 | An international standard defining objective image quality analysis methods for cultural heritage reproduction. |
What happens to digitized material after capture?
Capture is only the first stage of a complete digitization program. Once an image is captured, it typically passes through post-production steps that can include cropping and alignment, negative-to-positive conversion for film and glass plate material, color correction against calibrated reference targets, and quality control review against whichever standard the institution has adopted. The resulting files are then usually stored in an uncompressed or losslessly compressed master format intended for long-term preservation, alongside smaller derivative files optimized for public access and online display. Metadata capture, recording what the object is, where it came from, and any relevant rights information, runs alongside this whole process, since a beautifully captured image with poor metadata is far less useful to future researchers than a properly documented one.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why can’t hidden or delicate bindings just be opened flat for faster scanning?
Forcing a fragile binding open flat risks damaging the book permanently. Digitization systems built for rare books instead use a dual-camera setup that photographs both pages simultaneously at whatever angle the binding safely allows, rather than forcing the book into a position that risks the original.
What makes autochrome plates harder to digitize than an ordinary photograph?
Each autochrome is a unique transparency with no negative, so there’s no backup if a plate is damaged during handling or capture. The plates are also physically fragile glass, and the exact chemical composition of early examples is often unknown, which makes consistent, accurate color reproduction more challenging than with a standard, well-documented film stock.
How much faster is rapid-capture digitization really, in practical terms?
Systems capable of roughly one image per second can be up to 400 times faster than flatbed, drum, or virtual-drum scanners, which can turn a project that would take months of scanning into one that takes days.
Does a copy stand work for objects other than books?
Yes. Different copy stand configurations exist for flat objects like maps and newspapers, for glass plate negatives and film, and for bound books specifically, each with hardware suited to that particular format’s handling and stability needs.
Tech
AI TRiSM and the Rise of the AI Security Platform
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Key Takeaways
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What is AI TRiSM, and why did Gartner define it?
AI TRiSM stands for AI Trust, Risk, and Security Management, a framework Gartner introduced to describe the technical capabilities organizations need to keep AI systems trustworthy, secure, and compliant, not just when they’re first deployed, but continuously as they operate. The framework’s core argument is that policies alone can’t keep up with how AI systems behave in production: risks emerge dynamically as models respond to new inputs, so governance has to be embedded directly into the systems themselves, through continuous monitoring, validation, and runtime enforcement, rather than relying on periodic review cycles.
Why is the AI TRiSM market growing so much faster than most security categories?
The growth rate here is unusually steep even by cybersecurity standards. MarketsandMarkets’ AI TRiSM market research projects the market will grow from $3.09 billion in 2026 to $11.61 billion by 2031, a compound annual growth rate of 30.3%, driven in large part by the shift from periodic AI assessments toward continuous control as enterprises deploy autonomous, tool-using AI agents. Within that broader market, the AI security and runtime protection platforms segment is forecast to grow even faster, at roughly 33.1% CAGR, which tracks closely with why runtime enforcement, not just governance policy, has become the fastest-moving part of this space.

Global AI TRiSM market size, 2026 versus 2031, according to MarketsandMarkets.
What does an AI security platform actually need to cover?
| Pillar | What it covers |
|---|---|
| Discovery (AI-SPM) | A continuous, complete inventory of every AI application, agent, and tool operating across the organization. |
| Runtime protection (guardrails) | Input and output filtering that catches prompt injection, data leakage, and policy violations as interactions happen. |
| Agentic AI security | Visibility into agent decisions, tool calls, and data access, with enforcement that keeps autonomous behavior within intended scope. |
| Compliance & governance | Policy definition and audit-ready documentation mapped to regulations like the EU AI Act, GDPR, and industry-specific standards. |
The case for covering all four pillars from a single AI security platform, rather than four separate point tools, is largely operational: security teams need discovery findings to feed directly into policy enforcement, and agent behavior data to feed directly into compliance reporting, connections that are much harder to maintain across disconnected tools than within one shared system.
Why does agentic AI security specifically need its own attention?
A static chatbot answers questions; an autonomous agent takes actions, and that distinction changes the security calculus considerably. Ovalix’s autonomous and agentic AI security platform is built to give full visibility of AI agent tasks from start to finish, mapping out each decision so guardrails can be enforced and compliance maintained across AI-driven processes, rather than only reviewing outcomes after an agent has already acted. A closely related capability focused specifically on agent behavior safeguards AI agents from malicious manipulation, unauthorized control, and excessive autonomy, which matters because an agent with too much unchecked scope is a fundamentally different risk than a chatbot that simply gives a wrong answer.
What does ‘AI security software’ actually mean in practice?
In practice, the term increasingly refers to platforms consolidating what used to be handled by separate tools, or not handled at all, into one system: shadow AI discovery, data protection, runtime guardrails, and agentic oversight, unified under a shared policy engine and a single source of truth for what AI is running and what it’s doing. That consolidation trend mirrors what happened in adjacent security categories before it, where point solutions eventually gave way to platforms once the operational cost of stitching together separate tools outweighed the benefit of best-of-breed components for each narrow function.
Questions to ask when evaluating an AI security platform
- Does discovery run continuously, or only as a periodic scan that goes stale between runs?
- Does the platform cover agents as well as applications, including tool calls and autonomous decision chains, not just chatbot-style interactions?
- Are guardrails applied in both directions, filtering prompts going in and responses coming out?
- Does compliance reporting draw from the same data as enforcement, or does it require separately maintained records that can drift out of sync?
Frequently Asked Questions
Is AI TRiSM a specific product, or a framework?
AI TRiSM is a framework defined by Gartner, describing a set of capabilities organizations need, not a single named product. Different vendors, including AI security platforms, implement AI TRiSM’s principles in different ways.
Do small organizations need a full AI security platform, or just point tools?
It depends on the scale and complexity of AI usage, but even smaller organizations benefit from discovery and runtime protection working together, since the two feed each other: what you discover shapes what you need to enforce, and vice versa.
What’s the difference between AI security software and general cybersecurity software?
AI security software is purpose-built for risks specific to AI systems, prompt injection, model behavior monitoring, AI agent oversight, that general cybersecurity tools, built around network traffic and endpoint behavior, typically aren’t designed to catch.
Why is agentic AI considered higher risk than earlier generative AI tools?
Because agents don’t just generate text, they take actions and call tools, often chaining multiple steps together autonomously. That expands the potential consequences of a security gap well beyond what a single bad response from a chatbot could cause.
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