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A Guide on Industrial Networks

Published
3 years agoon
By
Marks StrandA network is basically a medium to transfer data. However, networks do vary based on just how much data is being transferred. Industrial networks are networks that deal with transfer of data on a large scale from industrial IoT products in an IIoT setting.
Networks allow us to connect various devices across large spaces and enable communication between them by allowing us to transfer large chunks of data between them.
At first glance, traditional networks may seem very efficient but in reality, they actually are limited to a very small number of systems. Industrial networking solutions on the other hand are designed to cater to real time needs and the demands of a far larger number of systems.
Hierarchical Levels in Industrial Networks
In an IIoT setting, there are sometimes hundreds of IoT products and the automation systems can be very complex. This automation process is usually structured into several hierarchical levels with each level having an appropriate communication level. This appropriate communication level places different requirements on the data communications company’s network.
Sensor and actuator buses are primarily used to connect simple, discrete industrial IoT products with limited intelligence to controllers and computers. Sensor buses like ASI and CAN are designed so information flow is reduced to a few bits and cost per node is put into consideration.
Industrial networks may be classified in several different categories based on functionality and let’s get right to them:
Field Level
The field level is the lowest level of the automation hierarchy. It involves field devices like sensors and actuators. The elementary field devices are sometimes classified as the element sublevel.
The job description of devices in this level includes transferring data between the manufactured product and the technical process. Data can be either binary or analogue, or both. The values are measured over a long or short period of time.
Communication at the field level is done using parallel, multi wire cables and serial interfaces. The most popular communication standards include RS422 and RS232C. Those point-to-point communications have evolved to the bus communication network to cope with the cabling cost and to achieve high quality communication.
Nowadays, industrial networking solutions use field buses a lot for information transfer. The applications in the field level controllers require cyclic transport functions because there are timing requirements in any automation process. It is worth mentioning that these timing requirements are met. This facilitates transfer of source information at regular intervals. The data representation must be as short as possible so message transfer time on the bus is reduced.
Control Level
At the control level, information flow is less from Industrial IoT products and more from loading of programs, data and parameters. In processes with short machine idle times and readjustments, this is done during the production process. In small controllers, it may be necessary to load subroutines during one manufacturing cycle. This determines the timing requirements.
This level can be divided into two distinct levels:
Cell sublevel
For the cell level operations, machine synchronizations and event handlings may require short response times on the bus. These real-time requirements are not compatible with time excessive transfers of application programs which makes an adaptable message segmentation necessary.
Area sublevel
The area sublevel consists of cells combined into groups. Cells are designed with an application-oriented functionality. By the area level controllers or process operators, the controlling and intervening functions are made such as the setting of production targets, machine startup and shutdown.
Information Level
The information level is the top level of a plant or data communications company automation system. The plant level controller gathers the management information from the area levels then manages the whole automation system. At the information level, there exists large scale networks like ethernet WANs for factory planning and management information exchange.
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Geneo Glam: Skin Firming Treatment for Radiant, Youthful Skin
Geneo Glam is the ultimate skin firming treatment designed to restore elasticity, enhance radiance, and leave you with a glowing, youthful complexion.

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May 9, 2025By
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The Geneo Glam skin firming treatment is a luxurious, non-invasive facial that revitalizes the skin by improving firmness, elasticity, and hydration. Using advanced OxyPod technology, this treatment delivers a unique combination of exfoliation, oxygenation, and infusion of active ingredients to help the skin look smoother, tighter, and more radiant.
Key Benefits
- Firms and Hydrates
The treatment boosts collagen and elastin production, helping skin feel firmer and more supple. - Improves Elasticity
Increases the skin’s resilience and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. - Prevents Collagen Breakdown
Helps preserve the skin’s youthful structure by protecting existing collagen and supporting healthy cell function.
Powerful Natural Ingredients
- 24K Gold Particles
Stimulate collagen production, protect skin fibers, and encourage cell renewal for a firmer, lifted appearance. - Silk Amino Acids
Strengthen the skin barrier, lock in moisture, and support collagen synthesis to reduce visible signs of aging. - Carnosine Peptides
Help protect the skin from sugar-related damage (glycation), delay cellular aging, and extend the life of skin cells. - Copper
An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory that supports collagen development, smooths fine lines, and helps with skin regeneration.
How the Treatment Works
- Exfoliation and Oxygenation
The Geneo Glam OxyPod is activated with a Primer Gel, gently exfoliating the skin and triggering a natural oxygenation process that increases blood flow and enhances skin vitality. - Infusion of Actives
Active ingredients such as gold particles, peptides, and amino acids are infused deep into the skin to firm and rejuvenate. - Hydration and Nourishment
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Who Should Try Geneo Glam?
This treatment is ideal for people who want to:
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Geneo Glam offers a refreshing way to firm, lift, and hydrate your skin—leaving you with a youthful glow and smooth, resilient skin. It’s a perfect solution for anyone seeking visible results without invasive procedures or downtime.
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H.265 miniature UAV encoders: A comprehensive Overview
H.265 miniature UAV encoders revolutionize aerial technology with advanced video compression, ensuring high efficiency and superior performance for modern UAV systems.

Published
3 days agoon
May 8, 2025By
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As the demand for high-quality, real-time video transmission from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) continues to rise in both military and commercial applications, the need for efficient, compact video encoding solutions has become paramount. H.265 miniature UAV encoders represent a significant advancement in this space, providing robust video compression in a small, lightweight package ideal for drones with stringent size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. Leveraging the power of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265, these encoders allow UAVs to deliver high-resolution video over constrained data links, enhancing situational awareness and operational effectiveness without overwhelming available bandwidth.
H.265 is a video compression standard that succeeds H.264/AVC and offers approximately double the data compression ratio at the same video quality level. This efficiency is particularly beneficial for UAV applications, where bandwidth and power availability are limited, especially during beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) missions or in contested environments. With H.265 encoders, UAVs can stream 1080p or even 4K encoder video in real time while consuming significantly less data than older standards. This is critical for operations such as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), where maintaining video clarity over long distances or through relay networks is essential for accurate decision-making.
Miniature H.265 UAV encoders are engineered to operate under harsh environmental conditions while maintaining optimal performance. These devices are typically ruggedized, featuring extended temperature ranges, shock resistance, and electromagnetic shielding to ensure reliable operation in military or field environments. Despite their small size—often no larger than a deck of cards—they include advanced features such as low-latency encoding, dynamic bitrate control, encryption, and support for multiple streaming protocols including RTSP, RTP, and MPEG-TS. This allows them to integrate seamlessly into existing command-and-control infrastructure and support a variety of end-user applications, from real-time ground monitoring to autonomous navigation and object tracking.
The integration of H.265 encoders into small UAVs has significantly expanded the capability of tactical drone systems. For example, military units can deploy hand-launched drones equipped with these encoders to provide persistent ISR coverage over a battlefield, transmitting clear, actionable video intelligence back to command centers in near real time. Law enforcement agencies and border security forces also benefit from these technologies, using UAVs to monitor large or remote areas with minimal personnel. In disaster response scenarios, such encoders enable drones to deliver live aerial assessments of affected regions, helping responders prioritize actions and coordinate relief efforts efficiently.
Beyond video transmission, modern H.265 UAV encoders are increasingly integrated with onboard artificial intelligence modules that enable edge processing. This allows UAVs to perform real-time object recognition, motion detection, and scene analysis directly within the encoder, reducing the need to send raw data to centralized systems for processing. Such capabilities are crucial in time-sensitive missions where latency can affect outcomes, such as tracking moving targets or identifying threats in complex terrain.
Despite their many advantages, the deployment of H.265 miniature encoders does come with some technical considerations. The encoding process, while more efficient than previous standards, requires higher computational resources. Manufacturers must therefore strike a careful balance between processing power, thermal management, and energy consumption. Additionally, the compatibility of H.265 streams with legacy systems remains a factor, as not all ground stations or video players natively support HEVC decoding without updates or specialized software.
Manufacturers of H.265 miniature UAV encoders include companies such as IMT Vislink, Soliton Systems, Haivision, and VITEC, all of which provide solutions tailored to UAV and robotics applications. These encoders are often modular, allowing integrators to select configurations based on mission requirements, payload limitations, and transmission needs. As the ecosystem of compact, high-efficiency video systems grows, continued innovation in low-power silicon and AI integration is expected to drive the next wave of capability enhancements in this field.
In the evolving landscape of drone technology, H.265 miniature UAV encoders stand out as a critical enabler of high-performance video transmission. By combining advanced compression with minimal SWaP impact, these systems provide UAV operators with the tools to observe, analyze, and act with unprecedented precision and clarity—no matter how small the platform or how demanding the environment.
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IEEE 802.11p and V2X Communication: Enabling Smarter, Safer Roads
IEEE 802.11p revolutionizes V2X communication, driving smarter, safer roads through advanced vehicle connectivity. This cutting-edge technology enhances transportation systems, enabling intelligent and secure interactions for a safer future.

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Modern vehicles are no longer isolated machines; they are becoming intelligent, connected nodes within a larger transportation ecosystem. At the heart of this transformation is Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, which enables cars to talk to each other and to the infrastructure around them. One of the first and most influential technologies developed to support V2X is the IEEE 802.11p standard—a wireless standard specifically tailored for vehicular environments.
What is IEEE 802.11p?
IEEE 802.11p is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard (commonly known as Wi-Fi), designed to enable wireless access in vehicular environments. It was approved in 2010 and forms the basis for Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC).
Key Characteristics of 802.11p:
- Frequency Band: Operates in the 5.9 GHz band reserved for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).
- Low Latency: Optimized for fast, real-time communication necessary for safety-critical applications.
- Range: Effective communication range of up to 1 kilometer, suitable for high-speed vehicle interaction.
- Decentralized Architecture: Enables direct communication (V2V and V2I) without the need for cellular or network infrastructure.
- Robustness: Handles high-speed mobility and rapidly changing topologies typical of vehicular environments.
Role of 802.11p in V2X Communication
V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) is a broader term encompassing various communication paradigms, including:
- V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle)
- V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure)
- V2P (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian)
- V2N (Vehicle-to-Network)
- V2C (Vehicle-to-Cloud)
802.11p primarily supports V2V and V2I communications, forming the backbone of DSRC-based V2X implementations. Its low latency and direct communication capabilities make it ideal for applications such as:
- Forward collision warnings
- Intersection movement assist
- Emergency electronic brake lights
- Lane change warnings
Comparison with Cellular V2X (C-V2X)
As V2X technology has evolved, C-V2X (based on LTE and 5G standards) has emerged as a strong alternative to 802.11p. Here’s how they compare:
Feature | IEEE 802.11p (DSRC) | C-V2X (LTE/5G) |
Latency | ~10 ms | ~5–10 ms (LTE), <5 ms (5G) |
Coverage | Short-range, direct | Short + long-range via network |
Deployment | Mature, field-tested | Growing, especially with 5G |
Infrastructure | Minimal (no cellular needed) | Requires cellular networks (for V2N/V2C) |
Interoperability | Limited with C-V2X | Newer versions support dual-mode |
Adoption and Use Cases
Global Deployment:
- United States: Initially favored DSRC based on 802.11p, though recent FCC rulings have shifted focus toward C-V2X.
- Europe: ETSI has defined ITS-G5, a protocol stack based on 802.11p.
- Japan and South Korea: Active use of DSRC for tolling and traffic safety.
Real-World Applications:
- Collision avoidance systems
- Smart intersections
- Road hazard notifications
- Platooning for commercial vehicles
- Public transport priority systems
Advantages of 802.11p
- Mature and Proven: Used in numerous pilot programs and early deployments.
- Fast Time to Communication: No need for handshake protocols; devices can communicate almost instantly.
- No Subscription Costs: Operates independently of cellular networks.
Limitations and Challenges
- Scalability: In high-density traffic, packet collisions may reduce reliability.
- Spectrum Allocation: Regulatory changes in some countries have limited the bandwidth available to DSRC.
- Limited Ecosystem Growth: Many automakers and countries are shifting investment to C-V2X and 5G-based platforms.
Future Outlook
While 802.11p has laid the foundation for V2X communication, the industry is gradually pivoting toward more advanced and scalable technologies such as 5G NR-V2X. However, 802.11p remains relevant in regions where DSRC infrastructure is already deployed and continues to serve as a dependable option for immediate, low-latency vehicular communication.
Hybrid Solutions:
Some industry players are exploring dual-mode V2X devices that support both 802.11p and C-V2X, ensuring backward compatibility and smoother transitions.
IEEE 802.11p has played a pivotal role in launching the era of connected vehicles, offering reliable, low-latency communication tailored for high-speed mobility. While newer technologies like C-V2X and 5G are beginning to dominate the roadmap, 802.11p’s contributions remain foundational in the evolution of V2X systems. As the automotive industry moves forward, a mix of technologies, including legacy support for 802.11p, will ensure that safety, efficiency, and connectivity continue to advance on roads around the world.

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IEEE 802.11p and V2X Communication: Enabling Smarter, Safer Roads
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